In "Recuentos in the third phase" had described the energy requests to you to carry out the vaporizations to which he surrenders to undesirable enemies, friends, pets and other beings who swarm for our lives in this big theater of the absurdity. But probably that many of that you are right now before the screen of the computer you will be whispering for the low thing while you think about much more powerful weapon, with unimaginable destruction capacities. Not at all of vaporizar. This is a trifle, capable of carrying out any pressure cooker and a fogoncito of the most vulgar thing in any badge vitrocerámica. Do we speak, then, about weapon really and leave ourselves of extra drops? Yes? So, come, hands to the weapon.
I am going to speak to you about the most deadly weapon never drafted by the human mind, this weapon capable of disintegrating a physical body and limiting it not only to steam, but to his most elementary components (it is still possible to go further away, the transformation in pure energy, but of that I you realized already here). But, before getting into flour, a little of history, which is necessary to cultivate the cucurbitaceous ones.
Almost 100 years ago, in 1911, George Griffith in "The Lord of Labour" introduced for the first time the mythical beams desintegradores. Percy F. Westerman, in "The War of the Wireless Waves" (1923) describes how the Britons make use of the beams ZZ during a warlike confrontation with the Germans, while these try to resist the offensives of the enemy making use of beams ultra-K. In 1932, Edmund Snell publishes his novel "The Z Ray". E.E." Doc" Smith introduces the induction beams in his series "The Skylark of Space". The same year, mythical John W. Campbell Jr writes "Space Rays". Two years later, Jack Williamson goes further away and creates, in his work "The Legion of Space", a devastating weapon known as AKKA, capable of devastating finished spatial fleets in spite of just touching a button. In 1940 Alfred Noye presents "it arms of the doomsday" (doomsday weapon) in "The Last Man". The Spanish we have not remained short in this of the super-armament. This way, the very same Pascual Enguídanos (with the pseudonym of George H. White), in his popular "Saga of Aznar", makes use again of a few powerful beams Z, consisting of a more energy modification of the laser that they carry out an intense bombing of the target by means of electrons, what has as a result the break of the atomic cohesion of the target.
Well, once fact this small historical restep, it is the shift of the physics. If beams are used desintegradores, it will be necessary to make clear what it means to disintegrate. For a physicist, the term to disintegrate means, in very simple words, that something in the nucleus of the atom is happening and that one something is not another thing than the entire or partial decomposition of the same one. Finally, that the protons and neutrons that constitute it are separating some of others and are leaving the nucleus. And to do this, it is necessary to pay a price, as always.
Let's see. You all, more or less, know that the protons are particles with electrical load (print) and that the neutrons do not possess this electrifying quality. Also you know that the electrical charges of the same sign are repelled and they want to be neither together nor full of spin. So the question arises from natural form (like the nipples and the nose of Esteban). Why do demons remain together, apretaditos and being rubbed some against others, the protons inside the nucleus of the atom? The answer is not in his sexual preferences, but in the strong nuclear force. It is really strong, stronger than the sex. The sex moves mountains, legs, arms and other not too heavy things, but the fact is that the strong nuclear force moves protons and neutrons, and that..., that, the truth ye that "it puts mieu po the head" (Puxa Asturies!!).
With the atomic nuclei a very curious thing happens and it is the following one: if one tries to break them in pieces it is necessary to contribute energy. This is known because when the energy of the nuclei decides experimentally, it is proved that it is minor that the one that is obtained adding the corresponding energies of his constituents, the nucleones, this is, those of his protons and neutrons separately. Something like what happens with the cars, which are cheaper buying them mounted than for free pieces. Well, to the difference between the energy of the nucleones separately and that of the nucleus like everything is called him an energy of nuclear tie. To his quotient between the square of the speed of the light he is met like defect másico. It be usually very common to express the energy of tie divided between the number of nucleones of which every particular atomic nucleus consists. The typical values are a few MeV (millions of electron - voltas). If these energies are compared with those of ionization, that is to say, with which they support joined to the electrons (with negative electrical load) in the atoms, at once it is stated that the above mentioned are hundreds of thousands of low times. The previous thing means that it turns out to be much simpler to deprive to an atom of his electrons than to a nucleus of his nucleones. In this sense, the beams Z of "The Saga of Aznar" prove to be clearly low to more powerful others, capable of fighting with the energy of nuclear tie.
How much energy, then, is needed from itself to reach port to an atomic nucleus with the intention of disintegrating it? Obviously, the precise quantity depends on the type of nucleus in particular and on the particular type of isotope that is considered. This way, for the uranium MeV needs almost 1800, for the lead and the mercury it is in the 1500 about MeV, the silver 860 MeV, the copper 535 MeV, the iron 475 MeV and the aluminum 216 MeV. As I said to you more above, these values usually divide, for every element, by the number of nucleones and referring to the above mentioned value like the tie energy for nucleón, whose graph according to the number másico (number of nucleones) you can see in the figure. Major all that is the value of the energy of tie for nucleón stabler will be the nucleus of the element. In the left part of the graph there appear the lightest elements of the periodic table, those with small number másico, while to the right there appear the heaviest elements, like the uranium or the gold.
The curve of the energy of linkage for nucleón has an enormous importance since it allows to understand why there are elements capable of suffering nuclear fission, while others are more inclined to experience the nuclear fusion. In effect, the increasing part of the curve corresponds to the nuclei fusionables, that is to say, to those that, on having joined, produce an atomic nucleus with major linkage energy for nucleón and, consequently, stabler. On the contrary, the decreasing part of the curve represents to the fissionable nuclei, to which they split into others with major stability. Both nuclear processes, fission and merger, they tend always to reach the maximum of the curve, in his highest part, where the iron finds exactly 56. And this is the reason by which inside the stars there cannot be generated elements heavier than he. Simply it would be necessary to bring energy to the star, something that type happens in the explosions supernova, where nuclei take place like the lead, bismuth, gold, etc. All the elements heavier than the iron that we can find in the universe proceed of supernovas. Since Carl Sagan usually said, "we are a stars dust".
But, returning again to the matter that occupies me, perhaps the values of the energies that I have provided to you more above do not say anything to you, since gentle electron - volta is usually a unit of very habitual energy in atomics, but not in the daily life. So that you should understand me, I will say to you, simply, that to disintegrate one kilogram of lead would cost the equivalent to make detonate 100 atomic bombs as that of Hiroshima. To what now have you left clearer? If the fact is that this is what he has to speak in colloquial language, which understands the whole world to you. The scientific verbiage, for the scientists and the journalists who pirate them.
To be concluding, a simple pistolita seems that it has it complicated to give similar energy quantity in every shot. Moreover, as soon as there were liberated the nucleones of the body to which we have shot, these will go out probably dismissed in all directions, reaching with complete certainty the bearer of the weapon, if it is sufficiently nearby. A rain of protons or neutrons is not usually too revitalizing, especially if it is received in the eyes, since on these organs, in particular, the neutrons produce a damage up to 10 times superior to the x-rays. On the other hand, it does not also turn out to be a brilliant idea to shoot with a neutrons gun like the one that there use the protagonists of prohibited Planet (Forbidden Planet, 1956) on a body that contains iron, for example, since this one will transform into cobalt 60 radioactive, that will droop expressing electrons and radiation very energy gamma, with the consequent risk for any that one that is in the outskirts.
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